Background information on invertebrates of the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Part II - Mantodea, Odonata, Orthoptera and Arachnida
>> Retour au sommaire bibliographiqueAuteur : VAN HELSDINGEN P.J, WILLEMSE L. & SPEIGHT M.C.D., 1995
Revue : Nature and environment N°80, Council of Europe Publishing : 383-393.
Recueil de l'article : Didier MORIN
Numérisation : Christophe BERNIER
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Invertebrates of the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention
Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)
Nomenclature : Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Tettigoniidae; Subfamily: Saginae
Synonyms :
Saga giganteus (de Villers, 1789)
Saga serrata (Fabricius, 1793)
Saga nudipes (Fischer de Waldheim, 1830)
Saga vittata (Fischer de Waldheim, 1830)
Saga ita/ica Costa, 1836-1857
Infra-specifie taxa : none recognised
Vernacular names (Luquet, 1993) :
La Magicienne dentelée, Langouste de Provence (French) (Steppen- ) Sé!i geschrecke, GroBe Sageschrecke, Dornenschrecke (German) Saga stepna (Slovak) Kobylka Saga (Czech) Fürész!é3bû szOke (Hungarian)
Identification
Being wingless, only known in the femate sex, very large (bodysize: 53-75 mm), and by far the largest bush cricket in its distribution area, Saga pedo is a verydistinctiveinsect which can only be confused with other Saga-species. An identification key and description or diagnosis are given in Kaltenbach (1967, 1986) and Harz (1969). Photographs of adult specimens are given by Kaltenbach, 1967: fig. 7, 8), Kasy (1979), Chinery (1988), Quidet(1988), Bellmann (1993: 158-159), Bellmann & Luquet (1995: 158-159).
Biology
Our knowledge of Saga and related genera (the subfamily Saginae) has been summarised by Kaltenbach (1964, 1967, 1970, 1986, 1990). These papers include alargeamount of information on the systematics, biology, ecology, distribution and behaviourof representatives of the Saginae. Most information presented here has been drawn fram these publications, supplemented with data fram recent publications and information received from Orthopterists ait overEurope, as mentioned below.
Habitat
Like other Saga species S. pedo is thermophilic, temperature being thelimiting factorinfluencing the horizontal and vertical distribution. The species may be found in areasfrom sea levetto altitudes of some 1500 m, occasionally higher (Nadig, 1987). According to Kaltenbach (1990) " Sagaspecies inhabit both dry and wet meadows, pastures, shrubby hiJisidesand gorges as weil. as fallowgrain fields and vineyards in southern Europe and western Asia.ln Central Europe Saga pedo shows a remarkable disjunct distribution, being confined to xerathermic hills which frequently are formed with limestone subsoil." The species is found in dense herbaceous vegetation usually weil hidden among long green grass stems. Majorcomponents of the vegetation in Saga habitats in Central Europe are: Festuca spp., Ses/eria spp., Poa spp., Centaurea spp., Eryngium campestre, Juniperus communis,Crataegus monogyna and Quercus pubescens. ln France S. pedo: does not have a strict habitat preference being found in grassy plains with some bushes, thickets of blackberry bushes and clematis, undergrowth,vineyards, hedges, rugged terrains with kermes oak (Morin 1985, pers. comm.) as weil as in hot and arid rugged terrain (Luquet, 1991). Aiso from Spain the species has been reportedfrom various habitats: dry sites with rugged vegetation, hills, forest edges whereit lives hidden awayin tall herbs and thickets of Juniperus and Cytisus scoparius reverchonii, dry pasture land with isolated patches of bushes, stubble-fields and cornfields (Pinedo, 1985; Herrera Mesa, 1995 pers. comm.; Pardo et al., 1993; Gomez et al., 1991). ln Hungary Saga pedo is found prvnari1y on rock-steppes and slope-steppes.
Like other species of the Saginae Saga pedo is probably mainly active during the twilight and
night (Morin, pers. comm.). After the hottest part of the season sagines extend their activities
more into daytime periods, the activity however decliningas the - season progresses (Kaltenbach,
1990). During daytime they live hidden away in the vegetation, remaining motionless and owing to
their colour pattern they merge into the background (somatolysis) (Kaltenbach, 1986). This insect .
does not move wh en disturbed and is easy to catch (Morin, 1985).
Life cycle
Saga pedo is obligatorily parthenogenetic, being tetraploid (2N = 68) having twice the number of
chromosomes found in the other Saga species (Matthey, 1841, 1946, 1948a-b).lt is likely that
there is a relation between its parthenogenetiéy and its wide distribution area (Matthey, 1941;
1946). Kaltenbach (1967) discusses the question of the existence of males of Saga pedo.
Although up to 1967, the existence of male Saga pedo had been reported in some 50 papers, a
careful examination of these references showed thatnone of these reports was unambiguous, all
being based on wrongly identified material. The male of Saga pedo is not known.
Three to four weeks after becoming an adult the female begins egg-laying which continues during the entire adult life. Prior to oviposition the female tests the soil by palpating with the antennae and probing with the tip of the ovipositor. The female deposits 25 to 80 eggs in the soil at favourable sites (Burr et al., 1923; Quidet, 1988; 1991). ln France oviposition takes place during august-september (Quidet, 1988; 1991). Temperature has a profound effect on embryonic and postembryonic development. At temperatures above 25°C eggs start developing without diapause. At 30°C development of the eggs takes 40-43 days, at 20°C 85 days whereas below these temperatures diapause sets in (Kaltenbach, 1990). ln the field eggs usually hatch after 2-3 years of diapause, but may remain in the soil up to five years (B. Nagy,pers. comm.). Contrary to Berenguier (1905) who mentioned 8-9 instars, postembryonic development consists of 6-7 instars (Schall, pers. comm.). Hatching is not known to occur before May, with the first adults appearing in July. Adult life span may be four
to six months.
Rearing experiments with S. pedo are at the time of writing being carried out in France and in Hungary (A. Schall & B. Nagy respectively, pers. comm).
Food
Saga species are obligatorily carnivorous with a well known tendency towards cannibalism (Kaltenbach, 1986; Morin, pers. comm.). Unlike preying mantids who suddenly seize their prey with their front legs Saga species move about, catching their prey by suddenly leaping upon it and clasping it with their fore and mid legs. A prey is killed in a similar way each time by biting into its throat (Burr et al., 1923; Kaltenbach, 1970), eating being done at the point of capture. There is a clear preference for other Orthoptera e.g. Poecilimon spp. (Boldyrev, 1915 ; Greathead, 1963), Oedipoda spp. (Quidet, 1988), Chorthippus binotatus (Gomez et al., 1991). Adults on their turn are preyed upon by birds
insectivores and rodents, lizards, frogs ands toads. Nymphs are eaten by spiders, scorpions, centipedes and preying insecte. Endoparasite : (ilisible) and the fly Sarcophaga carnaria occasionally infest S. pedo. Egg parasites are unknown.
Range
Saga pedohas a vast distribution area ranging from the Iberian peninsula in the west through Central and South Europe via the southern part of the Russian Federation and the Ukraine to the Caucasus, the Trans-Caspian republics of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan into north-western China. The northern-most record is located near Sverinogolovskoye, Kurgan district in the Russian federation (54°30'N)(Kaltenbach, 1990), the southern-most in Sicily, Italy. (see also attached map). Saga pedo was reported as an introduction from Europe into Tompkins Township, Jackson County, Michigan U.S.A in 1970 by Cantrall (1972). It was hypothesized that eggs had been introduced on plowshares which had been used in Europe in plowing contests. ln all only six specimens were found from 1970 to 1972 during August and September. As no specimens have been found since it is probable that it is now extinct in North America (Cantrall, pers, comm. in Vickery & Kevan, 1983).
Saga pedo (Pallas, widely distributed mainly old records
1. European Union
Austria: Confined to the eastern most part of Austria where the species has been found in the provinces of Burgenland and NiederOsterreich . Most records are old going back to last century or
the first half of this century. There are only very few records from after 1950 (Kaltenbach, 1967; Schall, pers. comm.).
France: Predominantly known trom the mediterranean region of France (Copard, 1951; Kruseman, 1988; Voisin, 1992; data de Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore). There are quite a number of references, mostly from the past 25 years, conceming the record of one or a few specimens (Aberlenc, 1981; Balazuc & Reveillet, 1968; Bomans, 1990; Bosc, 1977; Breisttoffer, 1968; Carriere, 1986; Delabie, 1976; Delarze, 1990; Fonfria, 1992; Hovette, 1971; Luquet. 1991; Morin, 1983, 1985, 1994; Moulet, 1992, Pasquier, 1968; Perrier, 1957; Quidet, 1988, 1991; Voisin, 1979). ln the Rhône valley S. pedo reaches as far north as the valley of the Drôme, to the west it reaches the département Lot. Nowhere to be encountered in numbers. At some places however, like the southem slopes of the Grand Luberon (Guilbot, pers. comm.) and Mt. Ventoux the species is encountered reg u larty.
Greece: Old records of this species from Greece are based on mis identification or
misinterpretations; although the species has been recorded from adjoining Macedonia and
Bulgaria, the species up to now has never been recorded trom Greece.
Italy: Recorded especially from the northern and southem parts of the country (La Greca pers. comm.; Kaltenbach, 1967): Liguria, Lombardia, Piemont and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the North, Latium and Abruzzo in the Central part of Italy and from Puglia, Calabria, Campania and Sicilia
(La Greca; 1959; La Greca & Messina, 1987) in the south as weil as from Sardinia.
Portugal: Reported from two sites in southern Portugal at the beginning of this century (Aires & Menano, 1916) and never found since. The records turned out to be questionable and for ail we know the species does not occur in Portugal (Pinedo, 1985). Even so, having been found in
Badajoz the species may weil occur there.
Spain: For a long time thought to be confined to Central Spain but probably more widely
distributed. Known from the provinces of Albacete (Gomez et al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1993),
Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Gerona, Madrid, Segovia, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia (Pinedo, 1985; 1988). After 1971 only found at several localities in the provinces of Albacete (Gomez et
al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1993) and Cuenca (Defaut, pers. comm.).
2. Range outside the European Union
Bulgaria: Reported from various areas (Buresch & Peschev, 1958): south-western Bulgaria
(Peshev & Andreeva, 1986), the Black Sea coast (Peshev & Djingova, 1974), south of the Donau and near Sofija (Kaltenbach, 1967).
China: Only very recently reported for the first time from China from Xinjiang, northwestern China (Huang, 1987; Xing-Bao & Kai-Ling, 1994)
Czech Republic: limited to Moravia where it is known from three localities only: Znojmo, Pouzdrany-Pouzdranske" kopce and Pavlovské kopce (L. Vidlicka pers; comm. ).
Hungary: isolated and sporadic in the Hungarian mountainous areas; known ,from the Mecsek and
Villany mountains in the south, the Bakony mountains in central Hungary
boundary of HunQCi !)' JrQ /1J the Vertes mountains in the west to thë Zemple~
(Nagy et al., 1983; Hacz, 1992; Racz & Varga, 1985; Raez, pers. comm.J It ""asnotknow"-from
the Pannonian Plain until 1992 when surprisingly some specimens were detected in the middle of the
Carpathian Basin (B. nagy. pers. comm.).
Romania: rare and local, known from various isolated sites across the country: SiebenbOrgen ,
Banat. Moldau, Dobrudscha, with most records from the Dobrudscha (Kis, 1967; 1970; Kis &
Vasiliu, 1970; 1972; Knechtel & Popovici-Biznosanu, 1959; Kohler, 1988).
Slovakia: Saga pedo is known from 8 localities in the west (Bratislava-Koliba, Devinska Kobyla,
Plavecké Podhradie, Zachtice, Hlohovec, Nitra-Zobor, Luka) and 3 in the south-east of the country (Plesivec, Slovenskê Nové Mesto,Vinnê) (L. Vidlicka, pers. comm.).
Switzerland: Known from Wallis and Graubunden (Thorens & Nadig, in prep.; Dr. P. Thorens, pers. comm.). The former localities are mainly concentratecl in the area between Martigny-Ville and Sion, with some aider records downstream of Martigny-Ville. The species is mainly found in the plains with one exception, an old and recent record from Chiboz sur Martigny at 1300 m. ln the latter it has only been found near Coire (Calanda) (Nadig & Steinmann, 1972).
former USSR: From the former USSRthe species is known from the souther~ part of the Ukraine and the Russian Federation, the Caucasus and the Tràns~Caspian republics of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
former Yugoslavia: There are records from Siovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Herzegovina and FYR of Macedonia (Us & Matvejev, 1967; Kaltenbach, 1967). The latter author also mentioning a doubtful record from Montenegro. Very rare in Siovenia with only few reports of sightings of the species especially near the Italian border (S. Gomboc, pers. comm.). Most records are from the coastal areas of Croatia (Dalmatia, Istria). ln Serbia the species was recorded by Adamovic (1970) from a sandy steppe area near Beograd, which probably is the first record from the plain in the Carpathian Basin.
Status
Although population densities may be higher than one would expect looking at material collected, Saga species never belong to the common Tettigonidids. ~ow population densities combined with the fact that the species is mainly active during thenighfal1d lives hidden away in bushes where it is difficult to detect, make that it is rarely seen and hardly ever encountered in numbers. There are only few sites known to the data-sheet compiler where the species has been observed over a longerperiod of time. Sites where more specimens have been observed recently, on either one occasion or during various visits are for instance the Sierra de Alcaraz, Albacete province, Spain (Gomez et al., 1993; Prado et al., 1991) or the Mt. Ventoux and Luberon Mts., Vaucluse, France (Guilbot, pers. comm.). The fact that the species has not been observed in a certain area does not necessarily mean it is absent. Luquet (1991) for instance found Saga pedo in an area which he had visited a number of times between 1972 and 1990 without ever encountering it. Despite it being rare and local throughout its distribution area the range of S. pedo is by far the largest of ail Saga species. Looking at ail available records, taking into consideration the range of the species, the long collecting period and the differences in intensity of monitoring it is very difficult to make a proper assessment of the status of Saga pedo. This problem is reflected by red lists of some European countries in which the status given to Saga pedo is "indeterminate". Some Orthopterists who have been approached for information on S. pedo expressed the view that this species is fairly common but secretive and far less in danger than currently thought.
1. European Union
Austria: mentioned on the red list in the category "extinction to be expected in the near future" (Kaltenbach, 1984). The most recent records from Austria known to the data-sheet compiler are 1983-1984 wh en it was found between Vien na and the Neusiedlersee.
France: protected and included in the red book, its status being "not determined" (Anonymous, 1994). Contrary to for instance the situation in Austria where the number of records of this species rapidly dwindled after 1950, records for S. pedo from France have been numerous over the last decades. Yet again, like for other countries, records have been too few for a detailed assessment of the situation of S. pedo in France.
Italy.: ln the south, the species is rare possibly due to the use of insecticides (La Greca pers. comm.). On the other hand the species has been found regularly over a prolonged period of time in the region around Triest (Kleukers, La Greca pers. comm., Ramme, 1951)
Spain: Because S. pedo is not an endemic species of the Iberian peninsula it was not included in the red book for the Orthoptera of the Iberian peninsula (Rosas et al., 1993; Gangwere et al., 1986). According to Herrera Mesa (pers. comm.) its distribution area in Spain remained fairly stable but he still considers it vulnerable.
2. Status outside the European Union
Bulgaria: there is no recent information available on the s~atus of this species in Bulgaria
former Czechoslovakia: endangered (E - according to Red,'book of Siovakia)
Hungary: vulnerable (Rakonczay, 1989); the species is protected. There are strong indications of the disappearance of certain populations as a result of the destruction of the habitat at Gellerthegy and Harshegy in Budapest, at Pilis near Pilisszant6 and at Bélapatfalva (Nagy et al., 1983). There is no explanation for the recently detected occurence in the plains of central Hungary (Bugac) (B. Nagy, pers. comm.).
Romania: there is no recent information available on the status of this species in Romania.
Switzerland: threatened with extinction (Nadig & Thorens, 1994). Based on present data it is not possible to present a well documented assessment of the regression antd threats to which Saga pedo is exposed in exposed in Switzerland. What can be hypothesised can be summarised as follouws (Dr. P. Thorens, pers. comm.). ln the Valais there are still considerable areas with suitable habitat for Saga pedo (steppe grasslands and sun exposed bushes) situated in between forest zone and agricultural land (vineyards). Threats posed ta its habitat have increased over last decades,
consisting of enlargement of cultivated areas (vineyards), encroachment of bushes on grasslands, the cutting up of areas with suitable habitats, lack ofsufificient prey animals and the use of pesticides in viticulture. ln the Grisons even less information is available on the status of Saga pedo. The species undoubtedly is very rare and the fact that if has been found close to the river Rhine implies that it is seriously threatened by changes in that area (urbanization) (Dr. P.Thorens, pers. comm.
former USSR: vulnerable (Lindt, 1984)
former Yugoslavia: in Slovenia Saga pedo is protected (S. Gombec, pers. comm.) being given the
status "indeterminate" in the red list of endangered Orthopteroidea in Slovenia (Matvejev, 1992). There is no information available from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovinia, former Yugoslavia and FYR of
Macedonia.
Conservation
Saga pedo is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the Habitats Directive.
The species has a very wide range although being rare and local throughout its range. The species has been found in a wide variety of biotopes.
By its apparent haphazard occurrence. its size and its parthenogeneticy, this insect is surrounded by mystery (Morin pers. comm.) and has drawn a lot of attention. Despite all this attention there is still little known about its exact distribution pattern; its populations dynamics, and habitat requirements, aspects which need ta be studied in detail. Such studies will indicate whether this species has been included correctly in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and if so what measures can be taken ta ensure adequate protection, including the allocatibn of key sites. Until such time it is of utmost importance to try and protect the sites where populations of Saga pedo are known to exist. Sites where S. pedo is known ta occur are threatehed by various factors like quarrying, bushfires, disruption of the vegetation, the use of insecticides.
Recommendations :
Since the species is listed in Appendix IV and therefore should be strictly protected in Europe it is desirable that the following research should be carried out.
- study of population dynamics and ecology ; an important aspect to be addressed concerns the
question if and to what extent populations are stationary.
- study in detail the habitat of Saga pedo and work out the measures forits protection (Russian
Red Data Book).
-the distribution area should be established more precisely, in particular on a small scale leval.
Bibliography
Below papers are mentioned which have been used while preparing this datas sheet. More references concerning Saginae in general and Saga pedo more in particular are found in Kaltenbach (1967, 1970, 1986, 1990) and Harz & Kaltenbach, 1976.
ABERLENC, H.P., 1981. Capture de l'Orthoptère Saga pedo Pallas en Ardèche. - l'Entomologiste 37 (1) : 41.
AIRES, B. & H.P. MENANO, 1916. Catalogo sinoptico dos Ortopteros de Portugal. -Coimbra.
ANONYME, 1994. Inventaire de la faune menacée en France. - Nathan; MNHN, Paris. 196 pp.
BALAZUC, J. & P. REVEILLET, 1968. Nouvelles captures de Saga pedo Pall. (=serrata F.) dans le bassin du Rhône (Orth, Ensif. Tettigoniidae). - l'Entomologiste 24(1): 1-3.
BELLMANN, H., 1993. Heuschrecken beobachten, bestimmen. 2 Ed. - NatutbuchVerlag , Augsburg. 349 pp.
BELLMANN, H. & G.C. LUQUET, 1995. Guide des sauterelles, grillons et criquets d'Europe occidentale.- Delachaux & Niestle, Paris & Lausanne. 384 pp.
BÉRENGUIER, P., 1905. Notes orthoptérologiques. 1. La Magicienne Dentelée "Saga serrata". Bull. Soc. Et. Sci. nat. Nimes 33: 145-154.
BÉRENGUIER, P., 1906. Prodrome des Orthoptères du département du Gard et de "l'île de la Camargue. Bull. Soc. Et. Sc. nat. Nimes 34: 1-13.
BÉRENGUIER, P., 1907. Mues de quelques Locustaires: Saga serrata Fabricius. Bull. Soc. Et. Sci. Nat. Nîmes 35 : 17-20.
BOLDYREV, B.T., 1915. Contributions à l'étude de la structure des spermatophores et des particularités de la copulation chez Locustodea et Gryllodea. - Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 41: 127-141.
BOMANS, H.E., 1990. Capture de Saga pedo Pallas dans la Drôme. - l'Entomotogiste 46 (6) : 277.
BONFILS, J., 1960. Notes sur quelques Orthoptères de la Corse. - Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 65 : 64-91.
BOSC, F., 1977. Apercu sur la faune des Coléoptères des gorges de l'Aveyron. l'Entomologiste 33 : 23-25.
BREISTROFFER, M., 1968. A propos de Saga pedo Pallas. - l'Entomologiste 24 (2) : 56.
BURESCH, I. & G. PESCHEV, 1958. Artbestand und Verbreitung der Geradflugler (Orthopteraidea) in Bulgarien unter Berucksichtigung der schadlichen Arten. II. Tettigonioidea. - Mitt. Zoom. Inst 7 : 3-90.
BURR, M., CAMPBELL, B.P. & B.P. Uvarov, 1923. A contribution to our knowledge of the orthoptera of Macedonia. - Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1923: 110-169.
CANTRALL, I.J., 1972. Saga pedo (Pallas) (Tettigoniidae ; Saginae) an old world katydid, new to Michigan, - The Great Lakes Entomologist 5(3): 103-106.
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European experts:
Apart from entomologists who provided sorne general information on Saga pedo, as mentioned ~+
below, at the moment no body is actively involved in studying this insect. Until recently Saginae
w€:re studied by Dr. A. Kaltenbach, Vienna, Austria, who retired some10 years ago and is now
commited to work on another group of Orthoptera. Below a list of Orthopterists who have a good
understanding of the distribution of Saga pedo for their respective country or region possibly in
addition to more general aspects (biology, ecology, life history, conservation) ,
Dr. V.Guseva, Lenin St. II/ Dept. Zool. Kibalchieh str. 6, Block 5, GUS 129243 Moskau, Russian Federation
Dr. M. La Greea, Universita di Catania, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale,Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Haly. phone~ +39 95 31 23 55; fax: +3995327990
Mons. D. Morin, 29 rue d'Orphée, 34070 Montpellier, France
Dr. B. Nagy, Res. Inst. Plant Protection of the Hungarian Aead. Sei. H-1525 Budapest Pf. 102, Hungary. phone: +36 '11 76 95 55; fax: +36 11 76 97 29 ," .
Ma. C. Pinedo, Mus. Nae. Cienc. Nat., Entomologia, e/ José Gutiérrez Abaseal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
Dr. I. Racz, Kossuth Lajos University, Zoologieal Dept., H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1 Hungary.
A. Schall, Maison Forestière, F-68150 Aubure, France.
Dr. P. Thorens, Inseeta, Bureau d'étude des Invertébrés, Case Postal, CH-2002 Neuchâtel,
Switzerland. phone/fax: +41 38 25 41 71
Dr. L. Vidlicka, Institute of Zoology, Siovak Akademy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842068
Bratislava, Siovakia. phone: +42 07 378 22 27
Dr. J.-F. Voisin, Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., 55 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
phone: +33 16 40 79 30 68
In addition the following persons kindly provided information which has been incorporated in this data-sheet: Dr. K. Adlbauer (Graz), Dr. L. Bigot (Marseille), Mons. H.E. Bomans (Taulignan), Dra. Ma. E. Clemente (Murcia), Dr. B. Defaut (Bédeilhac), Dr. P. Detzel (Stuttgart), Dr. Ph. Dreux (Paris), Mons. R. Fonfria (Eygalières), Mr. S. Gomboc (Beltinci), Dr. R. de Gregorio (Pau), Dr. R. Guilbot (Guyancourt), Dr. K.-G. Helier (Erlangen), Prof. Dr. L. Herrera Mesa (Pamplona), Ors. R. Kleukers (Triest), Dr. M. Lecoq (Montpellier), Dra. V. Liorente (Madrid), Dr. G. Luquet (Paris), Dr. A. Nadig (Chur).
Database:
France: Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05.
phone +3340 79 32 74; fax +33 43 36 13 39
Data sheet compiler:
Ors. L.P.M. Willemse, c/o Dr. F. Willemse, Laurastraat 67, 6471 JH Eygelshoven, Netherlands.
phone: +31 45 53 52 169
Compilation date : September 1995
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